Is there water and life on mars Free Essays

Unlike Earth, since there are no oceans to obscure the planet Mars, its topography is now better explored and known than that of Earth (Australian Geographic 2003). It has the largest known volcano in the Solar System, Olympus Mons, three times as high as Mt Everest, arid the longest and deepest known canyon, Valles Marineris, 4000 km long and 10 km deep (Australian Geographic 2003). Mars has no continental plate movement, so its surface isn’t constantly reworked by mountain-building processes. We will write a custom essay sample on Is there water and life on mars? or any similar topic only for you Order Now As a result, much of the landscape is as it was billions of years ago (Australian Geographic 2003). NASA researchers are taking lessons from the debate about life on Earth to Mars. Their future missions will incorporate cutting-edge biotechnology designed to detect individual molecules made by Martian organisms, either living or long dead (Zimmer 2005). The search for life on Mars has become more urgent thanks in part to probes by the two rovers now roaming Mars’ surface and another spaceship that is orbiting the planet. In recent months, they’ve made a series of astonishing discoveries that, once again, tempt scientists to believe that Mars harbors life or did so in the past. At a February conference in the Netherlands, an audience of Mars experts was surveyed about Martian life. Some 75 percent of the scientists said they thought life once existed there, and of them, 25 percent think that Mars harbors life today (Zimmer 2005). The search for the fossil remains of primitive single-celled organisms like bacteria took off in 1953, when Stanley Tyler, an economic geologist at the University of Wisconsin, puzzled over some 2.1 billion-year-old rocks he’d gathered in Ontario, Canada (Zimmer 2005). His glassy black rocks known as cherts were loaded with strange, microscopic filaments and hollow balls. Working with Harvard paleobotonist Elso Barghoorn, Tyler proposed that the shapes were actually fossils, left behind by ancient life-forms such as algae. Before Tyler and Barghoorn’s work, few fossils had been found that predated the Cambrian Period, which began about 540 million years ago (Zimmer 2005). Now the two scientists were positing that life was present much earlier in the 4.55 billion-year history of the planet. How much further back it went remained for later scientists to discover (Zimmer 2005)? In the next decades, paleontologists in Africa found 3 billion-year-old fossil traces of microscopic bacteria that had lived in massive marine reefs (Zimmer 2005). Bacteria can also form what are called biofilms, colonies that grow in thin layers over surfaces such as rocks and the ocean floor, and scientists have found solid evidence for biofilms dating back 3.2 billion years (Zimmer 2005). Fluvial Landforms geologic features putatively formed by water were identified in images of Mars taken by the Mariner and Viking spacecraft in the 1970s (Bell 2006). These landforms included enormous channels carved by catastrophic floods and large-scale valley networks somewhat reminiscent of river drainage systems on Earth. Over the past decade, images from the Mars Global Surveyor, which has been orbiting Mars since 1997, have revealed spectacular examples of extremely small and seemingly young gullies formed in the walls of some craters and canyons. These observations indicate the past presence of liquid water on the Martian surface or just below it but not necessarily for long periods (Bell 2006). The water from the catastrophic floods, for example, may have lasted only a few days or weeks on the surface before freezing, seeping back into the ground or evaporating. Furthermore, the networks of river-like valleys shown in the Viking orbiter images do not have the same characteristics as terrestrial river valleys when seen at higher resolution (Bell 2006). The Martian valleys could have formed entirely from subsurface water flow and ground erosion a process known as sapping-rather than from water moving over the surface. The gullies observed in the Mars Global Surveyor’s images may also be the result of water seeping underground below ice or from buried snow deposits (Bell 2006). Although these features are stunning and dramatic indicators of water on Mars, they do not firmly prove that the Red Planet once had a warmer, wetter, more Earth-like environment with long-lasting lakes and rivers. In the past few years, however, new satellite images have provided much more convincing evidence that stable, Earthlike conditions prevailed on Mars for long periods (Bell 2006). One of the most exciting discoveries is a class of features that look like river deltas. The best and largest example, photographed by the Mars Global Surveyor, is at the end of a valley network that drains into Eberswalde Crater in a region southeast of the Valles Marineris canyon system (Bell 2006). This drainage system terminates in a 10-kilometer-wide, layered, fan-shaped landform characterized by meandering ridges that crosscut one another and show varying degrees of erosion. To many geologists, this feature has all the characteristics of a delta that formed at the end of a sediment-bearing river flowing into a shallow lake. Further evidence of an Earth-like climate in Mars’s past comes from high-resolution images, taken by the Mars Odyssey and Global Surveyor orbiters, of the small-scale valley networks on the plateaus and walls of the Valles Marineris canyon system. Unlike previously identified valley networks that seem to have formed largely from subsurface flow, these newly found networks have characteristics that are consistent with their formation by rainfall or snowmelt and surface runoff. For example, the networks are arranged in dense, branching patterns, and the lengths and widths of the valleys increase from their sources to their mouths. Moreover, the sources are located along the ridge crests, suggesting that the landscape was molded by precipitation and runoff. Indeed, these landforms provide the best evidence to date that it may have rained on Mars. A more exploratory possibility is that these runoff features arose relatively recently, perhaps one billion to 1.5 billion years after Mars formed. To estimate the ages of Martian landforms, researchers count the number of impact craters on the feature the more impacts the region has endured, the older it is. This dating method, however, has many uncertainties; it can be difficult to distinguish between primary and secondary impact craters and volcanic calderas, and erosion has destroyed the evidence of craters in some regions (Bell 2006). Still, if these surface runoff valleys do turn out to be relatively young, Mars may have had an Earth-like climate for as much as a third of the planet’s history and perhaps longer if even younger valleys are eventually identified. Yet another piece of evidence supporting persistent liquid water on Mars is the observation of truly enormous amounts of erosion and sedimentation in many parts of the planet. Making calculations based on new orbital imaging data, researchers have determined that the rate at which sediments were deposited and eroded in the first billion years of the planet’s history may have been about a million times as high as the present-day rate (Bell 2006). But what process could have transported the massive amount of sediment needed to bury almost everything in the Gale Crater region? (Bell 2006) Scientists believe flowing water offers the best explanation. Studies of erosion and sedimentation rates on Earth suggest that wind could have moved some of the Martian sediment in the past (just as it is doing today, albeit at a very slow pace). No viable wind-based scenario, however, can explain the rapid transport of millions of cubic kilometers of material across large fractions of the planet’s surface, which apparently occurred repeatedly during Mars’s early history. Flowing water, though, has routinely moved gargantuan amounts of sediment on Earth and could have done so on the Red Planet as well. In addition scrutinizing the shape of Martian landforms, scientists have searched for hints of liquid water in the composition of the planet’s minerals (Bell 2006). One of the reasons why researchers had long believed that Mars never enjoyed an extensive period of warm and wet climate is that much of the surface not covered by wind-borne dust appears to be composed of material that is largely unweathered pristine volcanic minerals such as olivine and pyroxene. If water had flowed over the surface for a long time, the argument went, it would have chemically altered and weathered the volcanic minerals, creating clays or other oxidized, hydrated phases (minerals that incorporate water molecules or hydroxide ions in their crystal structure). The emerging paradigm is that Mars had an extensive watery past: puddles or ponds or lakes or seas (or all of them) existing for long periods and exposed to what must have been a thicker, warmer atmosphere. During the first billion or so years of Martian history, the Red Planet was a much more Earth-like place, probably hospitable to the formation and evolution of life as currently known. The Martian environment began to change, however, as sulfur built up, the waters became acidic and the planet’s geologic activity waned (Bell 2006). Clays gave way to sulfates as the acid rain (of sorts) continued to alter the volcanic rocks and break down any carbonates that may have formed earlier. Over time, the atmosphere thinned out; perhaps it was lost to space when the planet’s magnetic field shut off, or maybe it was blown off by catastrophic impacts or sequestered somehow in the crust. Mars eventually became the cold, arid planet recognized today. This new view of Mars is not yet universally accepted, however. Key questions remain unanswered (Bell 2006): How long did the waters flow in the Eberswalde delta; for decades or millennia? Where are all the sediments that appear to have been eroded from Meridiani Planum and places such as Gale Crater? And were they eroded by water or wind or something else? What is the global abundance of clay minerals on Mars, and were they ever major components of the planet’s crust? And, most vexing, where are the carbonates that should have formed in the warm, wet, carbon dioxide-rich environment but have not yet been observed anywhere on Mars, not even in the older terrains where clays have been detected? Acidic water could have destroyed the bulk of the carbonates but surely not all of them! Perhaps the most important question of all is: Did water or life ever exist on Mars, and if so, was it able to evolve as the environment changed so dramatically to the present-day climate? (Bell 2006) The answer depends in large part on how long the Earth-like conditions lasted. What can be deduced is that the past decade of discoveries on Mars may be only a small taste of an even more exciting century of robotic and eventually human exploration. References Australian Geographic, (2003) Life on Mars. 08161658, Jul-Sep2003, Issue 71 Bell, J., (2006) The Red Planet’s Watery Past. Scientific American, 00368733, Dec2006, Vol. 295, Issue 6 Zimmer, C., (2005) Life on Mars? Smithsonian, 00377333, May2005, Vol. 36, Issue 2 How to cite Is there water and life on mars?, Essay examples

Asymmetric Information free essay sample

Asymmetric Information Introduction. The economics of information and incentives is a relatively new branch of microeconomics, in which much intriguing work is going on. This chapter shows you a sample of these problems and the way that economists think about them. 37. 1 (0) There are two types of electric pencil-sharpener producers. â€Å"High-quality† manufacturers produce very good sharpeners that consumers value at $14. â€Å"Low-quality† manufacturers produce less good ones that are valued at $8. At the time of purchase, customers cannot distinguish between a high-quality product and a low-quality product; nor can they identify the manufacturer. However, they can determine the quality of the product after purchase. The consumers are risk neutral; if they have probability q of getting a high-quality product and 1 ? q of getting a low-quality product, then they value this prospect at 14q + 8(1 ? q). Each type of manufacturer can manufacture the product at a constant unit cost of $11. 50. All manufacturers behave competitively. Suppose that the sale of low-quality electric pencil-sharpeners is illegal, so that the only items allowed to appear on the market are of high quality. What will be the equilibrium price? $11. 50. (b) Suppose that there were no high-quality sellers. How many low-quality sharpeners would you expect to be sold in equilibrium? Sellers won’t sell for less than $11. 50, consumers won’t pay that much for low-quality product. So in equilibrium there would be no sales. (c) Could there be an equilibrium in which equal (positive) quantities of the two types of pencil sharpeners appear in the market? No. Average willingness to pay would be $11, which is less than the cost of production. So there would be zero trade. 454 ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION (Ch. 37) (d) Now we change our assumptions about the technology. Suppose that each producer can choose to manufacture either a high-quality or a low-quality pencil-sharpener, with a unit cost of $11. 50 for the former and $11 for the latter, what would we expect to happen in equilibrium? No trade. Producers would produce the low-quality product since it has a lower production cost. If all producers produce low-quality output, costs will be $11 and the willingness-to-pay for low quality is $8. Assuming that each producer is able to make the production choice described in the last question, what good would it do if the government banned production of low-quality electric pencil-sharpeners? If there is no ban, there will be no output and no consumers’ surplus. If low-quality products are banned, then in equilibrium there is output surplus. 37. 2 (0) In West Bend, Indiana, there are exactly two kinds of workers. One kind has a (constant) marginal product worth $10 and the other kind has a (constant) marginal product worth $15. There are equal numbers of workers of each kind. Arm cannot directly tell the diference between the two kinds of workers. Even after it has hired them, it won’t be able to monitor their work closely enough to determine which workers are of which type. (a) If the labor market is competitive, workers will be paid the average value of their marginal product. This amount is and positive consumers’ $12. 50. (b) Suppose that the local community college o? ers a microeconomics course in night school, taught by Professor M. De Sade. The highproductivity workers think that taking this course is just as bad as a $3 wage cut, and the low-productivity workers think it is just as bad as a $6 wage cut. T In the old days, there was no way to distinguish the two types of labor, so everyone was paid the same wage. If labor markets were competitive, what was this wage? $1,500 456 ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION (Ch. 37) (a) A professor who loves to talk o? ered to give a free monthly lecture on macroeconomics and personal hygiene to the employees of one small ? rm. These lectures had no e? ect on productivity, but both Klutzes and Kandos found them to be excruciatingly dull. To a Klutz, each hour’s lecture was as bad as losing $100. To a Kando, each hour’s lecture was as bad as losing $50. Suppose that the ? rm gave each of its employees a pay raise of $55 a month but insisted that he attend the professor’s lectures. What would happen to the ? rm’s labor force? All Klutzes terms. happen would leave. Kandos would stay on. More Kandos could be hired at these to the average productivity of the ? rm’s employees? Klutzes would not accept job. What would $1,000from $1,500 to $2,500. Rise by (b) Other ? rms noticed that those who had listened to the professor’s lectures were more productive than those who had not. So they tried to bid them away from their original employer. Since all those who agreed to listen to the original lecture series were Kandos, their wage was bid up to $2,500. (c) After observing the â€Å"e? ect of his lectures on labor productivity,† the professor decided to expand his e? orts. He found a huge auditorium where he could lecture to all the laborers in Enigma who would listen to him. If employers believed that listening to the professor’s lectures improved productivity by the improvement in productivity in the ? rst small ? rm and o? ered bonuses for attending the lectures accordingly, who would attend the lectures? Everybody. Having observed this outcome, how much of a wage premium would ? rms pay for those who had attended the professor’s lectures? 0. (d) The professor was disappointed by the results of his big lecture and decided that if he gave more lectures per month, his pupils might â€Å"learn more. † So he decided to give a course of lectures for 20 hours a month. Would there now be an equilibrium in which the Kandos all took his course and none of the Klutzes took it and where those who took the course were paid according to their true productivity? Yes. If  those who take the course get $2,500 and people who do not get $1,000 a month, then Kandos would take the course, since the NAME 457 pain of 20 hours of lecture costs $1,000, but the wage premium is $1,500. Klutzes the pain would not take the course, since wage premium is $1,500. 15 hours of lectures costs $2,000 a month and the (e) What is the smallest number of hours the professor could lecture and still maintain a separating equilibrium? 37. 4 (1) Old MacDonald produces hay. He has a single employee, Jack. If Jack works for x hours he can produce x bales of hay. Each bale of hay sells for $1. The cost to Jack of working x hours is c(x) = x2 /10. (a) What is the e? cient number of bales of hay for Jack to cut? 5. (b) If the most that Jack could earn elsewhere is zero, how much would MacDonald have to pay him to get him to work the e? cient amount? 52 /10 = $2. 50. (c) What is MacDonald’s net pro? t? 5 ? 2. 50 = $2. 50. (d) Suppose that Jack would receive $1 for passing out lea? ets, an activity that involves no e? ort whatsoever. How much would he have to receive from MacDonald for producing the e? cient number of bales of hay? Suppose now that the opportunity for passing out lea? ets is no longer available, but that MacDonald decides to rent his hay? eld out to Jack for a ? at fee. How much would he rent it for? $2. 50. 37. 5 (0) In Rustbucket, Michigan, there are 200 people who want to sell their used cars. Everybody knows that 100 of these cars are â€Å"lemons† and 100 of these cars are â€Å"good. † The problem is that nobody except the original owners know which are which. Owners of lemons will be happy to get rid of their cars for any price greater than $200. Owners of good used cars will be willing to sell them for any price greater than $1,500, but will keep them if they can’t get $1,500. There are a large number of buyers who would be willing to pay $2,500 for a good used car, but would pay only $300 for a lemon. When these buyers are not sure of the quality of the car they buy, they are willing to pay the expected value of the car, given the knowledge they have. 458 ASYMMETRIC INFORMATION (Ch. 37) (a) If all 200 used cars in Rustbucket were for sale, how much would buyers be willing to pay for a used car? $1,400. Would owners  of good used cars be willing to sell their used cars at this price? Would there be an equilibrium in which all used cars are sold? Describe the equilibrium that would take place in Rustbucket. No. No. Good car owners won’t sell. sell. Lemon owners will Price of a used car will be $300. (b) Suppose that instead of there being 100 cars of each kind, everyone in town is aware that there are 120 good cars and 80 lemons. How much would buyers be willing to pay for a used car? $1,620. Would owners of good used cars be willing to sell their used cars at this price? Yes. Yes.sold? Would there be an equilibrium in which all used cars are sold? Would there be an equilibrium in which only the lemons were Describe the possible equilibrium or equilibria that would Yes. take place in Rustbucket. One equilibrium has all cars sold at a price of $1,620. There is also an equilibrium where only the lemons are sold. 37. 6 (1) Each year, 1,000 citizens of New Crankshaft, Pennsylvania, sell their used cars and buy new cars. The original owners of the old cars have no place to keep second cars and must sell them. These used cars vary a great deal in quality. Their original owners know exactly what is good and what is bad about their cars, but potential buyers can’t tell them apart by looking at them. Lamentably, though they are in other respects model citizens, the used-car owners in New Crankshaft have no scruples about lying about their old jalopies. Each car has a value, V , which a buyer who knew all about its qualities would be willing to pay. There is a very large number of potential buyers, any one of which would be willing to pay $V for a car of value $V. The distribution of values of used cars on the market is quite simply described. In any year, for any V between 0 and $2,000, the number of used cars available for sale that are worth less than $V is V /2. Potential used-car buyers are all risk-neutral. That is if they don’t know the value of a car for certain, they value it at its expected value, given the information they have. NAME 459 Rod’s Garage in New Crankshaft will test out any used car and ? nd its true value V . Rod’s Garage is known to be perfectly accurate and perfectly honest in its appraisals. The only problem is that getting an accurate appraisal costs $200. People with terrible cars are not going to want to pay $200 to have Rod tell the world how bad their cars are. But people with very good cars will be willing to pay Rod the $200 to get their cars appraised, so they can sell them for their true values. Let’s try to ? gure our exactly how the equilibrium works, which cars get appraised, and what the unappraised cars sell for. (a) If nobody had their car appraised, what would the market price for used cars in North Crankshaft be and what would be the total revenue received by used-car owners for their cars? They’d  all sell for $1,000 for total revenue of $1,000,000. (b) If all the cars that are worth more than $X are appraised and all the cars that are worth less than $X are sold without appraisal, what will the market price of unappraised used cars be? (Hint: What is the expected value of a random draw from the set of cars worth less than $X? ) $X/2. (c) If all the cars that are worth more than $X are appraised and all the cars that are worth less than $X are sold without appraisal, then if your car is worth $X, how much money would you have left if you had it appraised and then sold it for its true value? How much money would you get if you sold it without having it appraised? $X/2. (d) In equilibrium, there will be a car of marginal quality such that all cars better than this car will be appraised and all cars worse than this car will be sold without being appraised. The owner of this car will be just indi? erent between selling his car unappraised and having it appraised. What will be the value of this marginal car? Solve X/2 = X ? 200 to get X = $400. (e) In equilibrium, how many cars will be sold unappraised and what will they sell for? The worst 200 cars will be will sell for $200. In equilibrium, what will be the total net revenue of all owners of used cars, after Rod’s Garage has been paid for its appraisals? $1, 000, 000 ? 800 ? 200 = 840, 000. 37. 7 (2) In Pot Hole, Georgia, 1,000 people want to sell their used cars. These cars vary in quality. Original owners know exactly what their cars are worth. All used cars look the same to potential buyers until they have bought them; then they ? nd out the truth. For any number X between 0 and 2,000, the number of cars of quality lower than X is X/2. If a car is of quality X, its original owner will be willing to sell it for any price greater than X. If a buyer knew that a car was of quality X, she would be willing to pay X + 500 for it. When buyers are not sure of the quality of a car, they are willing to pay its expected value, given their knowledge of the distribution of qualities on the market. (a) Suppose that everybody knows that all the used cars in Pot Hole are for sale. What would used cars sell for? $1,500. No. Would every Which used used car owner be willing to sell at this price? cars would appear on the market?

Principles of Marketing Assignment (Mktd101) free essay sample

MKTD101 Principles of Marketing Assignment 1: Overview For Assignment 1, which is worth 5% of your entire module mark, the student will have to choose a company that is marketing a product given in the list below. The student should research and write about the Marketing Environment the company operates in. Specific Instructions: ? ? ? The student should aim to write an essay of about 400 words (Â ±50) on the topic. All answers must be typed in Times New Roman font size 12, with single spacing, and 1inch margins. Remember to fill in the following details in the cover page: o Subject code title o Tutor name o Tutorial group o Student Name ID number o Title of your product/company o Deadline for the assignment (i. e. the day of your tutorial) The student should choose to write about only ONE of the following (the company that markets any of the products listed below): o Smartphone o Car o Computer/laptop o Digital camera ? Hand-in Instructions You will each be expected to individually submit a hardcopy of your assignment in class during the tutorial for the week of 15th to 19th August, 2011. We will write a custom essay sample on Principles of Marketing Assignment (Mktd101) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page You will need to attach the hand-in assignment cover page to your course work. Assignment 1: Assessment Criteria One (1) mark each will be given for identifying and describing the factors related to the company/product as follows: The company’s microenvironment; the demographic environment; the economic and technological environment; the natural, political and social environment; the cultural environment. Assignment 1: Analyzing the Marketing Environment (Cover page) Subject code title: Tutor Name: Student Name ID Number: Title of product/company: Deadline for the assignment: (Day), (date), (month), (year) Tutorial group: (Contents) 1. Choose a product from the list given. Identify and describe the micro and macro environmental factors that affect the company that markets that product. Hints: State the name of the company and the specific product. What are the specific factors in the micro and macro environment that may have contributed to the success or problems of the company/product? 2. Write out the full Harvard reference for the paper you have written. E. g. Kotler, P Armstrong, G, 2012, Principles of Marketing, 14 ed. Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Refer to this URL for more guidance: http://library. taylors. edu. my/taylor_customize/Information_Skills/Reference/reference_mainpa ge. htm th 3. State the word count at the end of the essay in parentheses. E. g. (439 words)

Role Of Women In Canterbury Tales Essays - The Canterbury Tales

Role of Women in Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer serves as a moral manual for the 1300's and years after. Through the faults of both men and woman, he shows in each persons story what is right and wrong and how one should live. Under the surface, however, lies a jaded look and woman and how they cause for the downfall of men. ?The Knight's Tale? is one of chivalry and upstanding moral behavior. However, beneath the surface lies the theme of the evil nature of women. Emily plays the part of the beautiful woman who captivates the hearts of two unsuspecting men. Those two men are cousins Arcite and Palamon, both knights who duel for Emily's hand in marriage. The two start out as the best of friends and then roommates in a jail cell that is to be shared for eternity. But with one look at Emily, the two start bickering instinctively and almost come to blows over something they will never be able to have, or so it seems. Chaucer's knack for irony revels itself as Arcite is released from his life sentence but disallowed from ever coming back to Athens. He would be killed ever caught within the city again by King Theseus. Because Arcite is doomed to never again see Emily, his broken heart causes him sickness as he's weakened by love. It is only after he comes up with the plan of returning to Athens under an assumed name that he starts to get better. Meanwhile, Palamon remains back in captivity, rendered helpless due to his lifelong punishment in prison. He knows that he will never be able to talk to Emily and certainly not marry her because of his plight. All he can do is watch her from a distance and admire her beauty. Arcite believes that this is a better punishment than his, though, as he says: ?O dere cosin Palamon, quod he, Thyn is the victorie of this aventure Ful blisfully in prison maistow dure; In prison? Certes nay, but in paradys! Wel hath fortuen y-turned thee the dys, That hast the sighte of hir, and I th'adsence. ? But I, that am exyled and bareyne Of alle grace, and in so greet despeir, That ther nis erthe, water, fyr, ne eir, Ne creature, that of hem maked is, That may me helpe or doon confort in this: Wel oughte I sterve in wanhope and distresse; Farwel my lyf, my lust, and my gladnesse!? (58 and 60) Emily has caused him such distress that he cries all the time and contemplates killing himself so he won't have to feel this every day pain that appears to have no end. All of this because of a woman. Emily is a sweet, innocent woman of her times. In a strange twist for a woman of The Canterbury Tales, she is perfectly happy alone and doesn't ever want to be married. Yet, Palamon and Arcite duel twice for Emily's love and Arcite ends up losing his life all because of her. Palamon, winning her by default, serves Emily faithfully for several years before she agrees to marry him, still not loving him, though. No one wins in ?The Knight's Tale,? but it is the two men who fight over the woman who lose the most. The ?Nun's Priest's Tale? is perhaps the best representation of men's downfall due to the influence of women. The story revolves around a rooster, Chauntercleer, the most beautiful cock in all of England with the sweetest voice an any ear has heard. He has seven wives but his favorite was Pertelote, an elegant hen in her own right. It is this woman, this female, that causes Chauntercleer great trouble. One night Chauntercleer wakes suddenly from a bad dream. Seemingly seeking comfort in her, he tells Pertelot about the dream which involves a wild, rampant dog with beady eyes coming after Chauntercleer. But instead of consoling her ?husband?, she challenges his manhood and says that no man hers should be scared of a dream. This causes Chauntercleer to go off on a tangent about the many, many times in history dreams have predicted the future and how non-believers suffered the consciences of not taking the proper precautions. After he done, however, he says that Pertelot is probably

History Revisited essays

History Revisited essays There are three strong similarities between the Salem witch-hunts that appear in The Crucible and the exposing of communists by the McCarthy terror. These three similarities are the accusation of innocent people, the power of Danforth and McCarthy, and the fear of individuals in Salem and in the United States. During the Salem witch trials, one could accuse an innocent person of being a witch without any evidence. As a result, if people denied they were witches, then they were executed. If individuals agreed and confessed they were witches, then they would not be hung. Many people compare these witch trials of Salem to the United States in the 1950s. During this time, Joseph McCarthy was a United States Senator. McCarthy was possibly the strongest anti-Communist in the United States congress. Many people during this time were accused of being communists or even sympathizing for them. As a result, if individuals refused to answer certain questions, then they were treated as if they were guilty and were excluded from certain jobs. Danforth and McCarthy were both powerful people of their time. Danforth was the Deputy Governor of Massachusetts. He presided over the witch trials and was just as concerned about maintaining his image as he was about exposing sin. McCarthy was an American politician. He was an incredible person whose mere presence could be overpowering. He held public hearings in which he accused army officials, members of the media, and public figures of being Communists. His charges were never proved and in 1954 the Senate censured him. Due to lack of hard evidence, the hunt for Communists ended abruptly just as the Salem witch trials. McCarthy and Danforth were both overpowering and zealous in their pursuit. The people in Salem, Massachusetts did not feel safe or secure. Fourteen women and five men were hanged. Many people confessed to being witches so they would n ...

Marketing mix stimuli (including products, brands, advertisements, Essay

Marketing mix stimuli (including products, brands, advertisements, packaging, point-of-purchase display) are designed and manage - Essay Example In marketing a product, a marketer will always have to look at the four Ps of marketing and make sure that all the four Ps have been well considered and addressed. The four Ps Product The seller must look at the product and make sure it meets consumers’ needs. The product is the centre of the marketing strategy because it is the eventual interest f he customer. According to Belohlavek (2008, p. 15), the product is extremely influential in the marketing mix because it is the ultimate way in which the firm will deliver value and worth to the consumer. Produce development should therefore be the first point at which the marketing mix begins because the customers can only be willing to buy products that they think or know provide them with the value for their money. Price Every product has its price at which it is delivered to consumers. In this regard, the price of the product is an extremely beneficial aspect of marketing because it affects consumer behavior and decisions. It is itself affected by so many other factors such as culture, consumer attitudes and economic factors. Pricing is hugely valuable because the right pricing can give the firm a long term success while the wrong pricing strategy ca lead to the firm dying from the market. Place This refers to the availability of the product. Having the right product will not help the firm unless and until the brand is in the convenient place at the proper timing. Place plays a particularly significant role in the way the brand and its producer will be successful in the market place. It is therefore, every necessary to ensure that the brand is available to the target market to make sure users can conveniently access the product every time they need it. This increases the sales of the product as well as improving the user awareness of the product thus making it endeared to the consumers. Promotion To boost sales and deal with competition, promotion of the product becomes exceedingly prominent and makings su re has visibility is hugely crucial. There are a number of ways that any marketer or any firm scan use to expand the market. Promotion is communication with the potential and existing customers to enlighten them about the brand and its advanatages. One can use all of the possible methods such as internet, mass media, print media and any other available channel to communicate with consumers. Case: Apple and iPhone One of the firms that have been able to take care of the marketing mix is the American technology firm, Apple Inc. Apple Inc. produces a number of technology product from cell phones, table computes, laptop computers, desktop computers and including consumer software. However, for the purposes of this paper, the iPhone will be the only product considered. However, Apple has been able to apply the marketing mix for all its products and thus creating a tremendous success for its products. Product With regard to its product, Apple Inc. has been able to understand its industry in an exceptionally clear way so as to deliver a product that resonates with the needs of the consumers. Instead of being reactive to the market conditions, Apple Inc. is one of the fewest firms in the world that decided to be proactive in the way it meets consumers’ needs. It always delivers a product that is ahead of other firms in the same industry. This has enabled the

The influence and effects of JSR-170 on the Content Management Essay

The influence and effects of JSR-170 on the Content Management Industry - Essay Example For example business departments turning content into assets, that thus becomes a monetary value for the enterprise. The ECM market is rapidly growing. Regan (2005) quotes a Gartner study that estimates the value of ECM software at $2.5 billion by end of 2006 while Forrester are predicting 19% growth per annum to reach a value of $4 billion by 2008. The ECM market is predicted to rapidly grow in the next few years and will in all likelihood outstrip the Customer Relationship Management (CRM) and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) market (Dschner et al, 2005). The content is currently locked in proprietary repositories or databases that only allow access with custom APIs. Attempting to have an application that can access information from different repositories is expensive since the application has to implement all the different combinations of repository APIs. As a consequence information that should be integrated remains isolated. This leads to vendor lock-in because the costs of changing a CM-vendor are high. The need for content access standards is obvious yet the content management industry has struggled to solve this problem. "[T]he ECM pure-play and infrastructure vendors are currently pushing their proprietary content repositories, hoping to grab as much market share as possible from rivals" (McNabb and Moore, 2005). Developing custom applications and services on top of a single vendor's proprietary API is an enterprise investment risk. Over time it is possible to lose the investment when the vendor goes out of business. That risk can be mitigated (but not entirely eliminated) through open standards, methodologies or documentation. The Java Specification Requests (JSRs) are documents within the Java Community Process (JCP) for defining new standards for the Java language. JSR-170, whose final version was released on June 17 2005, is expected to solve the above mentioned problem. It offers a standard, vendor-independent API to access data from a content repository and allows the required data flexibility that is needed for ECM to support additional business processes or applications. The concept of JSR-170 is explained in one sentence: "[JSR-170] specifies a standard API to access content repositories in Java 2 independently of implementation" (Nscheler, 2005) A proposed standard can only emerge to a standard if it is widely accepted and supported by the vendors and requested by clients of content management systems. The obvious problem is that while the standard is new not all vendors will have it implemented. This is akin to solving the proverbial problem of what comes first the chicken or the egg. With the standard not implemented the critical mass of customers demanding the implementation of the standard will not be easily achieved. The clients must first be aware of the new