Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms Essays

Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms Essays Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms Essay Discrimination is unavoidable and takes on many forms Essay The problem with society today and in the past is that we cannot accept that we are all different. Every day ,every hour, minute and second people are being abused through discrimination. Discrimination means, the unjust or prejudicial treatment of different categories of people, especially on the grounds of race, age, or sex (source- Google dictionary). People who look or act differently are often the subject of segregation and their crestless are the ones that are led by Ignorance and stupidly. Inequality is unavoidable and takes on many forms such as: Religion, sex and race which are the main targets of discrimination. Sexism is unfair treatment based on a persons sex or gender. Sexism is a popular point for segregation. Mostly because women are the ones being criticized since the early ages and till now and It Is very rare for a man to be subject of discrimination. It has been said that women are far more Inferior then men. The mall points that men use for an excuse as to why women are inferior are: theyre weak, not strong, they bleed between their legs, are small and they have to go through childbirth. Around me I saw women overworked and underpaid, doing mens work at half mens wages, not because their work was inferior, but because they were women. ?Anna Howard Shaw This quote is an example that in-between the 1 8th and 19th century women were treated unfairly and were paid less than a mans wage, Just because they were women. Men believed back In those days that women shouldnt get paid the same amount as they get. Scout, Im telling you for the last time, shut your trap or go home ?l declare to the Lord youre getting more like a girl every day! With that, I had no option but to join them. (source- To Kill a Mockingbird (ATTACK)by Harper Lee) This is an example from the book ATTACK where Gem says to Scout that she is acting like a girl because she keeps on whining that they should go back home. To not go to the Raddled place to try get a sneak on Boo. This goes to show that sexism Is unavoidable and Is used In everyday life. Religious discrimination involves treating a person (an a pplicant or employee) unfavorable because of his or her religious beliefs. Some religions include Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism etc. NY religions have suffered over the years because of controversy, which religion Is right? How do you know If there Is a God? Where is the proof? These are just some of the questions that are argued and people are segregated over. Some people blame religions and people of those religions for what history has done to the world. Its no secret that, after 9/1 1, a wave of anti-Muslim bigotry washed over the country. A number Muslims or people perceived to be Muslims have been violently assaulted; and scores of mosques and Muslim graffiti to arson and firebombing. (source- Heather L. Weaver, UCLA Program on Freedom of Religion and Belief). Ever since 9/11 Muslims in particular are suffering from todays discrimination against the allegations set against them for the bombing of the twin towers. There were many theories as to why Hitler despised the Jews, however we will never know. It is not know the exact death toll of how many people were killed, during World War 2. But the estimate is around 11 million people. 6 million Jews and 5 million people who were of a different race, different religion, handicapped, gypsies and homosexuals. ( From Chapter 1 in R. J. Rumen, Demoded: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, 1993). In the town of Macomb there was also religious discrimination. In Chapter 5, a wagon of Fundamentalists harangue Miss Maude for growing flowers and not spending enough time reading her Bible The foot-washers thought that she spent too much time outdoors and not enough inside the house reading the Bible Some of me came out of the woods one Saturday and passed by this place and told me and my flowers we were going to burn in hell? Thing is, foot-washers think women are a sin by definition. They take the Bible eternally, you know'(chapter 5 To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee). Discrimination takes on many forms in this particular case religious discrimination. Where you go there will always be segregation against religions. Racial discrimination or racism is discriminatory or abusive behavior towards members of another race. All people from all over the world no matter what their national, cultural or religious background have a right to feel safe, respected and part of the community in which they live. Since the early 1800 hundreds many African Americans were slaves and were the main subject of discrimination. People thought that they were an abomination, Gods mistake put on earth they were looked different, they were black and they were slaves. That is how segregation to the African Americans came to be. During the sasss African Americans put their foot down and had the courage to speak out and fight against racism. l have a dream that one day little black boys and girls will be holding hands with little white boys and girls. ? Martin Luther King Jar. , I Have A Dream In this quote martin is telling us about what he hopes will come true for his children in the future. That everyone will e equal and that his children we befriend white children. That racism will be abolished. As you grow older, youll see white men cheat the black men every day of your life, but let me tell you something and dont you forget it whenever a white man does that to a black man, no matter who he is, how rich he is, or how fine a family he comes from, he is trash. ? Harper Lee, To Kill a Mockingbird. The entire town seems to turn against Tactics and his children because he is defending Tom Robinson laming for a Niger, a black man accused of attack ing a white woman. The act that adults and children are attacking Scout and Gem with words and fists demonstrates how deeply rooted racism is in the town of Macomb. In this passage Tactics is telling scout about how there is no equality in society and the injustice of the African Americans in their time. The fact that people have the audacity to be racist continuously surprises me. Youd think after all these years racism would be that awareness wrong. So it Just goes to show that some people are capable of racial segregation and is unavoidable anywhere you go. Prejudice is spread out and you cannot escape it, it is all around you, and you would always be a victim of some kind of prejudice. That is why we should discuss discrimination in every area of our lives to find solutions to this problem. Racial, sexism and religious discrimination are Just some types of discrimination that occur during daily life. Discrimination education would be a good tool to make people more aware of the negative impact of discrimination on society. All people around the world should be made aware of the causes of discrimination. We should discuss discrimination in every area of our lives to find solutions to this problem.

Myths About Spanish and the People Who Speak It

Myths About Spanish and the People Who Speak It When many people, especially those in the United States, think of Spanish, they tend to think of mariachis, their favorite Mexican actor and Mexican immigrants. But the Spanish language and its people are far more diverse than the stereotypes suggest. Here we debunk 10 myths about Spanish and the people who speak it: More People Grow up Speaking English Than Speaking Spanish Because English has become a worldwide lingua franca for science, tourism, and business, its easy to forget that English is far surpassed by two other languages in terms of numbers of native speakers. Easily ranking No. 1 is Mandarin Chinese with 897 million native speakers, according to the Ethnologue database. Spanish comes in a distant second with 427 million, but thats well ahead of English with 339 million. One reason English seems more prominent is that its regularly spoken in 106 countries, compared with just 31 countries for Spanish. And English does rank ahead of Spanish when non-native speakers are counted as it is the worlds most common second language. Spanish Is the Language of Latin America The term Latin America traditionally is applied to any of the countries of the Americas where a Romance language is the dominant language. So the most populous country of Latin America - Brazil with more than 200 million residents - has Portuguese, not Spanish, as its official language. Even French-and Creole-speaking Haiti is considered part of Latin American, as is French Guiana. But countries such as Belize (formerly British Honduras, where English is the national language) and Suriname (Dutch) are not. Neither is French-speaking Canada. Even in countries where Spanish is the official language, other languages are common. Indigenous languages such as Quechua and Guarani are widely used in large swaths of South America, and the latter is co-official in Paraguay, where it is spoken even by many who arent of Amerindian heritage. Nearly two dozen languages are spoken in Guatemala, and in Mexico, about 6 percent of people dont speak Spanish as their first language. Native Spanish Speakers Talk Like Speedy Gonzales The Spanish of the cartoon character Speedy Gonzales is an exaggeration of Mexican Spanish, of course, but the truth is that a minority of Spanish speakers have a Mexican accent. The Spanish of Spain and Argentina, to take two examples, doesnt sound like Mexican Spanish- just as U.S. English speakers dont sound like their counterparts in Great Britain or South Africa. Although much of the regional variations in English tend to be with the vowels, in Spanish the variation is in the consonants: In the Caribbean, for example, speakers may tend to distinguish little between the r and the l. In Spain, most people pronounce the soft c with the tongue against the upper teeth rather than the front of the palate. There are substantial variations as well in the rhythm of speech from region to region. The Spanish 'R' Is Difficult to Pronounce Yes, it does take practice to get the trilled r to come naturally, but millions learn it every year. But not all Rs are trilled: You can pronounce the common word pero close to correctly just by sounding out peddo, and mero sounds very much like meadow. In any case, its undoubtedly easier for native English speakers to pronounce the Spanish r than for native Spanish speakers to pronounce the English r. People Who Speak Spanish Are Spanish As a nationality, Spanish refers to people from Spain and only Spain. People who are from Mexico are, well, Mexican; people from Guatemala are Guatemalan; and so on. I wont try to settle here any controversy over how to use terms such as Hispanic and Latino. Suffice it to say that traditionally in Spanish, hispano is used to refer to someone from the Iberian Peninsula, while latino can refer to anyone from a country that speaks a Latin-derived language - and sometimes specifically to people from the Lazio region of Italy. Native Spanish Speakers Have Brown Skin, Brown Eyes and Black Hair In their totality, Spain and the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America are every bit the melting pot of races and ethnicities that the United States is. The societies of Spanish-speaking Latin America descend not only from Spaniards and indigenous Amerindians but also from peoples of Africa, Asia, and non-Spanish Europe. Most of the Spanish-speaking countries of the Americas have a population that is majority mestizo (mixed race). Four countries (Argentina, Chile, Cuba, and Paraguay) are majority white. In Central America, many blacks, usually descendants of slaves, live along the Atlantic coast. Cuba, Venezuela, Colombia, and Nicaragua each have a black population of around 10 percent. Peru especially has a large population of Asian ancestry. About 1 million are of Chinese heritage, and thus the abundance of chifas, as Chinese restaurants are known there. One of the former presidents of Peru, Alberto Fujimori, is of Japanese heritage. You Can Form Spanish Nouns Just by Adding 'O' to the English Word This works sometimes: A car in much of Latin America is a carro, a telephone is a telà ©fono, an insect is an insecto, and a secret is a secreto. But try this often and most of the time youll just end up with gibberish. Besides, an a works sometimes too: A jar is a jarra, music is mà ºsica, a family is a familia, and a pirate is a pirata. And, please, dont say No problemo for No problem. Its No hay problema. People Who Speak Spanish Eat Tacos (or Maybe Paella) Yes, tacos are common in Mexico, although it should tell you something that Taco Bell markets itself as U.S.-style fast food in Mexico, not as a Mexican-style chain. And paella is indeed eaten in Spain, although even there its considered something of a regional dish. But these foods arent found everywhere that Spanish is spoken. The fact is every region of the Spanish-speaking world has its own culinary favorites, and not all have crossed international boundaries. Not even the names are the same: Ask for a tortilla in Mexico or Central America, and youre likely to get a sort of pancake or bread made from cornmeal, while in Spain youre likelier to receive an egg omelet, possibly prepared with potatoes and onions. Go to Costa Rica and ask for a casado, and youll get a simple if tasty four-course meal. Ask for the same in Chile, and theyll just wonder why youd want a married man. Spanish Will Take Over English in the United States While the number of native Spanish speakers in the United States is projected to increase to around 40 million by 2020 - up from 10 million in 1980 - studies consistently show that their children will grow up bilingual and that their grandchildren are likely to speak English exclusively. In other words, the level of Spanish speaking is tied more closely to current immigration rates than it is to use of Spanish by those born in the U.S. The descendants of Spanish speakers switch to English as they assimilate just as did those who came to America speaking German, Italian and Chinese. Spanish Is an Official Language in Just Spain and Latin America Of the African territories that were once part of the Spanish Empire, one independent country still uses Spanish. Thats Equatorial Guinea, which gained independence in 1968. One of the smallest countries in Africa, it has around 750,000 residents. About two-thirds of them speak Spanish, while French, Portuguese and indigenous languages also are used.

Eating Disorders Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Eating Disorders - Research Paper Example Eating disorder may affect both male and female (NIMH, 2011). The research, therefore, is about the factors influencing the eating disorders in both men and women in the society. Types of Disorders Eating disorders are common and treatable illnesses. They always go hand in hand with substance abuse, depression, or disorders of anxiety. If these symptoms of the eating disorders are not properly treated, they can pose a threat to life and, therefore, people with eating disorders need to seek medical attention or they are likely to die earlier than other individuals of the same age. There are different types such disorders: bulimia nervosa, binge-eating disorder, and anorexia nervosa. When people have anorexia nervosa, they think they are overweight when in truth they are clearly underweight. Weight control and eating food will always be an obsession. People with anorexia are always seen weighing themselves frequently, measuring food carefully, and eating extremely small portions of foo d. People with this illness always engage in excessive exercising, inducing vomiting, and misuses of laxatives or enemas. People with anorexia nervosa are characterized by extreme thinness, intense fear of weight gain, distorted body image, low self-esteem, irregular menstruations (or lack of them) in young girls, and eating according to an extremely restricted diet. Anorexic individuals recover when treated properly. However, there are some who will always have relapses and some who have a chronic illness, so their health deteriorates overtime (NIMH, 2011). Bulimia nervosa is another example of eating disorder. An ill person regularly eats large quantities of food and is not able to control these episodes. The illness is often accompanied by such behaviors as self-induced vomiting, overeating, an excessive use of laxatives, fasting, extreme exercises, or a combination of these behaviors. Bulimic individuals are usually healthy and have normal weight, but they desperately want to lo se weight and are extremely unhappy about their body size and shape. They always perform these behaviors secretly, because they are shameful acts accompanied by feelings of disgust. The binge-eating has the following characteristics: sore throat that is inflamed, salivary glands that are swollen in the jaw area and neck, sensitive teeth that are decaying due to exposure to stomach acid, gastrointestinal problems, severe dehydration due to purging fluids, and electrolyte imbalance that may lead to a heart attack. The binge eating always occurs from several times a day to many times a week (NIMH, 2011). The final example of an eating disorder is the binge-eating disorder. An ill person is not able to control his or her eating habits. A person with the binge-eating disorder is often overweight or obese. Such a person is at a higher risk of developing cardiovascular problems and high blood pressure problems. This may result to a heart attack. These people always feel guilt, shame, and s tress about their habits, which results in more binge-eating (NIMH, 2011). Causes of Eating Disorders Eating disorders are termed as illnesses, because they destroy processes in an individual and display characteristic symptoms. Eating disorders are a result of a combination of psychological, genetic, and sociological factors. As for genetic factors, many researchers believe that, for a person to

LAW Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

LAW - Case Study Example One of the iconic pioneers of law in health issues was Dr. John Snow (Goodman, et al 3). This came after an outbreak of cholera and thus states had to enact proper rules to regulate the spread of this contagious disease. The practice of Medicine is entwined to the practice of Law (Corfield, et al 1). Thus, medical practitioners at one point or another are required to give either written or oral evidence in courts of law. This study relates to the application of law in medical situations over a period of time. There are four sources of law. These are: the Constitution, Statutes, Decisions and Rules of administrative agencies and Court decisions (Stelner 5).In most states, there is a department concerned with law relating to healthcare issues. Another external source of law is the International law (Stelner 9). Under the International law, state agencies are allowed to surrender the privacy of medical information of their citizens travelling to foreign countries. This study will look i nto six different scenarios. Workforce scenario 1 In the first scenario, Cayce Pollard, the new African-American nurse has to undergo several health tests before being hired at Big City Hospital, BCH despite the fact that she is a licensed nurse. Licensing of health practitioners is done to ensure that only the qualified individuals undertake the delicate duty of health provision. This is to protect the interest of the public (Stelner 84). This is an example of Common Law only applying to the terms of employment in BCH. She is also not allowed to smoke, both at work and off duty and should her BMI exceed 26, she has to pay higher premiums for her insurance cover. Agreeing to these terms by both parties makes it an Implied Contract. In the first instance where a mother does not want her baby to be attended to by an African-American, she feels offended. However, this falls under Charting by Exception. Since there was a chart indicating that she could not attend to the baby, it would b e a criminal offence for her to do the contrary. In the second instance, her male colleagues have been sexually harassing her which is against the code of ethics at BCH.Her senior, whom she is supposed to report to also, enjoys the sexually explicit content that the other two use to harass her sexually. Though she knows that this amounts to punishable crime, she resorts to remain silent. However, according to state laws, this does not amount to crime since Quid Pro Quo applies in instances where a senior or fellow staff solicits sexual favor in order to grant a promotion or other work related favors. Also she has noticed that Bernard, her colleague might be a drug user and might cause problems while in duty. Upon reporting the matter to the supervisor, all their lockers are searched but against their consent. This is an instance of invasion of privacy. On another instance, Cayce and her friend Ivy discriminate their colleague Robert. They both discriminate him on gender arguing that male nurses are not competent. Ivy also discriminate him racially saying she does not like the Chinese. Negligence scenario 2 In the first instance, Dr. Yang diagnoses Ms. Campbell with PCS and Compound P which are new drugs being tested on patients. This he does with the aim of prolonging her life despite her being not eligible for the drugs but only after she accepts to take it. Though the drugs did tremendously help other patients, Mrs. Campbell’s condition worsened and she developed fever and rashes. Upon realizing this, the doctor prescribes Gallacticol, a drug that is approved for treating asthma. Her conditions became worse and she died. The doctor expected her to live for three or more months even after injecting her with Compound P but due to his negligence in not prescribing

In Memoriam (Tennyson) Essay Example for Free

In Memoriam (Tennyson) Essay The poem is not, nonetheless, merely a way to express personal grief. Even though the â€Å"I† of In Memoriam is at times totally linked with the poet. Tennyson, the poet himself alleged that it is recurrently proposed to symbolize how the human race expresses and communicates through him. The individual sorrow and uncertainty became a microcosm for the distress being beared by the men and women of the 19th century who had been moving away from faith in traditional religion, as the evolvements in science were getting on to the ending that as such there was no divine hand which existed to guide. The speaker actually gets troubled through the loss he has beared but he gradually consents to the notion that, regardless of the external signs of confusion, and disorder the world actually becoming a better place to live in; his friend Hallam enters in to be seen as a messenger of a superior reace which will show way to humankind to lead them to God. Tennyson shifts alternately from insensitive misery to self-awareness and gets too see that writing poetry is an antidote for pain. Poems 9 through 17 make up a cluster amalgamated by the poet’s thought on the arrival of Hallam’s body through the ship from Italy. A calmer anguish now encompasses his heart. This anguish due to grief gradually make the mind even firmer, but the more deeper the sorrows are than words keep closed within in his heart. He commences on not to display his emotions openly but as he should (Richard, 2004). As a consequence, In Memoriam portrays the chief Victorian clash of science and faith to be the true work of its era; Tennyson’s effort to settle any sort of doubts that are based on religion which take birth from his not public sorrow and the outcomes of pre-Darwinian theories which are associated to succession were cut down by thinkers of his time as a reasonable landmark. The cyclic modification in the turn from personal anguish and desolation to the bigger vision of the public and apprehension for wider, social problems that can be seen in this poem reveal Tennyson’s mounting reception of and settlement with the issues of his age. As the elegy gets to its ending, the poet becomes more strongly influenced. His love, even though was seen on their preceding earthly association, is â€Å"vaster passion† which is now that Hallam’s incidence is spiritual and subtle through God and nature. The elegy ends up with the self-assured statement of the poet which shows that the living are real and will supplementarily move humanity’s measures and of the faith in its real sense that will not be highlighted only after death. Form The poem is not, nonetheless, merely a way to express personal grief. Even though the â€Å"I† of In Memoriam is at times totally linked with the poet. Tennyson, the poet himself alleged that it is recurrently proposed to symbolize how the human race expresses and communicates through him. The individual sorrow and uncertainty became a microcosm for the distress being beared by the men and women of the 19th century who had been moving away from faith in traditional religion, as the evolvements in science were getting on to the ending that as such there was no divine hand which existed to guide. The speaker actually gets troubled through the loss he has beared but he gradually consents to the notion that, regardless of the external signs of confusion, and disorder the world actually becoming a better place to live in; his friend Hallam enters in to be seen as a messenger of a superior reace which will show way to humankind to lead them to God. As a consequence, In Memoriam portrays the chief Victorian clash of science and faith to be the true work of its era; Tennyson’s effort to settle any sort of doubts that are based on religion which take birth from his not public sorrow and the outcomes of pre-Darwinian theories which are associated to succession were cut down by thinkers of his time as a reasonable landmark. The cyclic modification in the turn from personal anguish and desolation to the bigger vision of the public and apprehension for wider, social problems that can be seen in this poem reveal Tennyson’s mounting reception of and settlement with the issues of his age (Matthew, 2002). Style Tennyson shifts alternately from insensitive misery to self-awareness and gets too see that writing poetry is an antidote for pain. Poems 9 through 17 make up a cluster amalgamated by the poet’s thought on the arrival of Hallam’s body through the ship from Italy. A calmer anguish now encompasses his heart. This anguish due to grief gradually make the mind even firmer, but the more deeper the sorrows are than words keep closed within in his heart. He commences on not to display his emotions openly but as he should. As the elegy gets to its ending, the poet becomes more strongly influenced. His love, even though was seen on their preceding earthly association, is â€Å"vaster passion† which is now that Hallam’s incidence is spiritual and subtle through God and nature. The elegy ends up with the self-assured statement of the poet which shows that the living are real and will supplementarily move humanity’s measures and of the faith in its real sense that will not be highlighted only after death. Because I Could Not Stop for Death Form The tone, or the emotional position of the speaker in this particular poem, is highly significant and the deception in â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death.† Although the theme is related to death, it is not a serious sad thing to talk over. In disagreement, Death is shown to be equal to a wooer in which emerges as fundamentally a fable, with abstractions constantly incarnate. overwhelmed by Death’s consideration and patience, the speaker responds by adding to her aside her work and free time (Vendler, 2004). One sees many of Dickinson’s typical devices at work: the tightly patterned form, based on an undefined subject, the riddle-like puzzle of defining that subject, the shifting of mood from apparent observation to horror, the grotesque images couched in emotionally distant language. All this delineates that experience, that confrontation with God, with nature, with the self, with one’s own mind which is the center of Dickinson’s best poetry. Whether her work looks inward or outward, the subject matter is a confrontation leading to awareness, and part of the terror is that for Dickinson there is never any mediating middle ground; she confronts herself in relation to an abyss beyond. There is no society, no community to make that experience palatable in any but the most grotesque sense of the word, the awful tasting of uncontrollable fear. The second third of the poem changes the proportions. Although the experience is not actually any of the four things she has mentioned above, it is like them all; but now death, the first, is given seven lines, night three, frost only two, and fire is squeezed out altogether. It is like death because she has, after all, seen figures arranged like her own; now her life is â€Å"shaven,/ And fitted to a frame.† It is like night when everything that â€Å"ticked† — again mechanical imagery for a natural phenomenon — has stopped, and like frosts, which in early autumn morns â€Å"Repeal the Beating Ground.† Her vocabulary startles once more: The ground beats with life, but the frost can void it; â€Å"repeal† suggests the law, but nature’s laws are here completely nullified. Finally, in the last stanza, the metaphor shifts completely, and the experience is compared to something new: drowning at sea. It is â€Å"stopless† but â€Å"cool†; the agony that so often marks Dickinson’s poetry may be appropriate to the persona, but nothing around her, neither people nor nature, seems to note it. Most important, there is neither chance nor means of rescue; there is no report of land. Any of these conditions would justify despair, but for the poet, this climatic experience is so chaotic that even despair is not justified, for there is no word of land to despair of reaching. Style Death is a mostly a concern of Dickinson’s poetry. Usually in order to make means of exploration, she will surely check that its objectification all the way through a persona who has already died. The truth is that life is short and death is long. Perhaps in this sobering truth one may find that Dickinson’s poem is as much about life about how one ought to redeem it from the banal as it is about death(Laurence, 2004). One sees many of Dickinson’s typical devices at work: the tightly patterned form, based on an undefined subject, the riddle-like puzzle of defining that subject, the shifting of mood from apparent observation to horror, the grotesque images couched in emotionally distant language. All this delineates that experience, that confrontation with God, with nature, with the self, with one’s own mind which is the center of Dickinson’s best poetry. Whether her work looks inward or outward, the subject matter is a confrontation leading to awareness, and part of the terror is that for Dickinson there is never any mediating middle ground; she confronts herself in relation to an abyss beyond. There is no society, no community to make that experience palatable in any but the most grotesque sense of the word, the awful tasting of uncontrollable fear. The second third of the poem changes the proportions. Although the experience is not actually any of the four things she has mentioned above, it is like them all; but now death, the first, is given seven lines, night three, frost only two, and fire is squeezed out altogether. It is like death because she has, after all, seen figures arranged like her own; now her life is â€Å"shaven,/ And fitted to a frame.† It is like night when everything that â€Å"ticked† — again mechanical imagery for a natural phenomenon — has stopped, and like frosts, which in early autumn morns â€Å"Repeal the Beating Ground.† Her vocabulary startles once more: The ground beats with life, but the frost can void it; â€Å"repeal† suggests the law, but nature’s laws are here completely nullified. Finally, in the last stanza, the metaphor shifts completely, and the experience is compared to something new: drowning at sea. It is â€Å"stopless† but â€Å"cool†; the agony that so often marks Dickinson’s poetry may be appropriate to the persona, but nothing around her, neither people nor nature, seems to note it. Most important, there is neither chance nor means of rescue; there is no report of land. Any of these conditions would justify despair, but for the poet, this climatic experience is so chaotic that even despair is not justified, for there is no word of land to despair of reaching. Content Death appears personified in this poem as a courtly beau who gently insists that the speaker put aside both â€Å"labor† and â€Å"leisure.† He arrives in his carriage, having stopped for her because she could not have stopped for him, and he even submits to a chaperone, â€Å"Immortality,† for the length of their outing together. It was not Death, for I stood up† Riddling becomes less straightforward, but no less central, in such a representative Dickinson poem as â€Å"It was not Death, for I stood up† (#510), in which many of her themes and techniques appear. The first third of the poem, two stanzas of the six, suggest what the â€Å"it† is not: death, night, frost, or fire. Each is presented in a couplet, but even in those pairs of lines, Dickinson manages to disconcert her reader. It is not death, for the persona is standing upright, the difference between life and death reduced to one of posture. Nor is it night, for the bells are chimin g noon — but Dickinson’s image for that fact is also unnatural. The bells are mouths, their clappers tongues, which are â€Å"Put out†; personification here does not have the effect of making the bells more human, but of making them grotesque, breaking down as it does the barriers between such normally discrete worlds as the mechanical and the human, a distinction that Dickinson often dissolves. Moreover, the notion of the bells sticking out their tongues suggests their contemptuous attitude toward man. In stanza two, it is not frost because hot winds are crawling on the persona’s flesh. The hackneyed phrase is reversed, so it is not coolness, but heat that makes flesh crawl, and not the flesh itself that crawls, but the winds upon it; nor is it fire, for the persona’s marble feet â€Å"Could keep a Chancel, cool.† Again, the persona is dehumanized, now grotesquely marble. While accomplishing this, Dickinson has also begun her inclusion of sense data, pervasive in the first part of the poem, so that the confrontation is not only intellectual and emotional but physical as well (Hood, 2000). The second third of the poem changes the proportions. Although the experience is not actually any of the four things she has mentioned above, it is like them all; but now death, the first, is given seven lines, night three, frost only two, and fire is squeezed out altogether. It is like death because she has, after all, seen figures arranged like her own; now her life is â€Å"shaven,/ And fitted to a frame.† It is like night when everything that â€Å"ticked† — again mechanical imagery for a natural phenomenon — has stopped, and like frosts, which in early autumn morns â€Å"Repeal the Beating Ground.† Her vocabulary startles once more: The ground beats with life, but the frost can void it; â€Å"repeal† suggests the law, but nature’s laws are here completely nullified. Finally, in the last stanza, the metaphor shifts completely, and the experience is compared to something new: drowning at sea. It is â€Å"stopless† but â€Å"cool†; the agony that so often marks Dickinson’s poetry may be appropriate to the persona, but nothing around her, neither people nor nature, seems to note it. Most important, there is neither chance nor means of rescue; there is no report of land. Any of these conditions would justify despair, but for the poet, this climatic experience is so chaotic that even despair is not justified, for there is no word of land to despair of reaching. Thus, one sees many of Dickinson’s typical devices at work: the tightly patterned form, based on an undefined subject, the riddle-like puzzle of defining that subject, the shifting of mood from apparent observation to horror, the grotesque images couched in emotionally distant language. All this delineates that experience, that confrontation with God, with nature, with the self, with one’s own mind which is the center of Dickinson’s best poetry. Whether her work looks inward or outward, the subject matter is a confrontation leading to awareness, and part of the terror is that for Dickinson there is never any mediating middle ground; she confronts herself in relation to an abyss beyond. There is no society, no community to make that experience palatable in any but the most grotesque sense of the word, the awful tasting of uncontrollable fear (Barton ,2008) Conclusion In this paper we have analysed two brilliant works of poetry, one In Memoriam by Tennyson as compared to Because I Could Not Stop for Death by Dickinson. We have analysed both the works in terms of their content, form and style and evaluate how they have been done by their respective writers. References Barton, A. (2008). Tennyson’s Name: Identity and Responsibility in the Poetry of Alfred, Lord Tennyson. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate,. Hood, J. (2000). Divining Desire: Tennyson and the Poetics of Transcendence. Brookfield, Vt.: Ashgate, Laurence. M. (2004). W. Alfred Tennyson: The Critical Legacy. Rochester, N.Y.: Camden House, Matthew, C.( 2002). The Consolation of Otherness: The Male Love Elegy in Milton, Gray, and Tennyson. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland,. Richard,B. (2004). Experience and Faith: The Late-Romantic Imagination of Emily Dickinson. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, Lundin, Roger. Emily Dickinson and the Art of Belief. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans, 2004. Vendler, H. (2004). Hennessey. Poets Thinking: Pope, Whitman, Dickinson, Yeats. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

Issues of the Human Genome Project :: Genetics Genes Science Papers

Issues of the Human Genome Project The history of the human race has been filled with curiosity and discovery about our abilities and limitations. As an egotistical creature with a seemingly unstoppable desire for new accomplishments, we attempt feats with emotion and tenacity. People worldwide raced to be the first to discover the secrets and the ability of flight. Enormous amounts of monies were spent on sending people into space and the race to land on the moon. With the rapid growth of scientific knowledge and experimental methods, humans have begun to unravel and challenge another mystery, the discovery of the entire genetic make-up of the human body. This endeavor, the Human Genome Project (HGP), has created hopes and expectations about better health care. It has also brought forth serious social issues. To understand the potential positive and negative issues, we must first understand the history and technical aspects of the HGP. History of the Human Genome Project The HGP has an ultimate goal of identifying and locating the positions of all genes in the human body. A researcher named Renato Dulbecco first suggested the idea of such a project while the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) was also considering the same project because issues related to radiation and chemical exposure were being raised. Military and civilian populations were being exposed to radiation and possible carcinogenic chemicals through atomic testing, the use of Agent Orange in Vietnam, and possible nuclear power facility accidents. Genetic knowledge was needed to determine the resiliency of the human genome (1). Worldwide discussion about a HGP began in 1985. In 1986, the DOE announced its' Human Genome Initiative which emphasized the development of resources and technologies for genome mapping, sequencing, computation, and infrastructure support that would lead to the entire human genome map (3). United States involvement began in October 1990 and was coordinated by the DOE and the National Institute of Health (NIH). With an estimated cost of 3 billion dollars, sources of funding also include the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI). Because of the involvement of the NIH, DOE, and NSF who receive U.S. Congressional funding, the HGP is partly funded through federal tax dollars (1). Expected to last 15 years, technological advancements have accelerated the expected date of completion to the year 2003. This completion date would coincide with the 50th anniversary of Watson and Crick's description of the structure of DNA molecule (3).

Paula and Christina’s Haunted Adventures Essay

The night was very chilly and all the kids were running, laughing, and having a lot of fun at the third grade’s fall festival. The Roosevelt Elementary school decided to do a haunted house maze. The haunted maze was pitched black and filled with gory decorations. One room had a bed with a dead woman laying on it and the walls were stained with blood. In another section of the maze was a cemetery, where zombies were walking by. The haunted house maze also had a garage where a car was parked and there was also room filled toys and with many clowns. The children of Roosevelt Elementary were thrill to go inside wondering what they would encounter and how scary it might be. There were two little girls, barely nine year’s old, seeking the frightening adventure, but they were also very scared. One of the little girls was shivering with fear and she slowly walked from room to room looking at the decorations and the scary people. She knew this was make-believe, but she was still very cautious. The other little girl had made her way into the room where the dead woman was laying on the bed. She slowly tried to make her way across the room to the other door. She never noticed the woman rising from the bed and was walking towards her very rapidly. The dead, bloody woman touch the little girl, which made her scream and take off running. The little girl ran as fast as she could, turning all corners until she ran straight into the other little girl. They both ended up falling to the ground. Looking up, they both smiled at one another. One little girl says, â€Å"Hi, my name is Paula Ramirez. † The other little girl replies, â€Å"Sorry for running into you, my name is Christina Lopez. Paula and Christina help each other get up from the ground and agree to finish the haunted house maze together. They felt less scared and even laugh at some of the scary people. As they are exiting the haunted house maze, Paula tells Christina â€Å"wow, this was so much fun†. Christina replies, Paula let’s make a pact, every year we will seek a scary haunted house and we will both go together†. Paula smiles and agrees. Since then Paula and Christina have become best friends and they search for scary haunted houses to visit every year. The family vanishes in 1925 leaving the sole survivor James Clark. Christina does not read the paragraph, but smiles and turns to Paula and says â€Å"perfect†. The two girls get together every day preparing for the trip they will make to the haunted house. They go to the mall and shop for costumes. They buy food so they can take for the road, and plan on when they should head to the haunted house. The night of the haunted house arrives and Christina goes to Paula’s house. Paula is sitting in her room when Christina enters and asks, Paula â€Å"Are you ready? Paula replies â€Å"of course† Then, the two girls go down the stairs, out the house and enter Paula’s car. Paula drives thirty miles and arrives and Saddle Creek Ranch where the haunted house is located. The yard is filled with many trees and with old rusted decorations on the lawn. The house has busted windows, and the painting of the house is falling apart. Paula notices that there is two boys standing in the entrance of the house. Paula and Christina exit the car and make their way to the boys. One boy says â€Å"Come on Erik, stop being scare and let’s go in already. Erik replied â€Å"Scott, if you are so tough you open the door†. Just as soon as Scott was going to touch the door knob the door swings open and a tall dark figure stands there looking at them. The tall dark figure steps forward and says â€Å"Do you dare to enter? Beware this may be you last hallows eve† â€Å"YES! † replied all four of them. Paula and Christina follow the two boys and the tall man into the house. The man leads them into the living room and directs them to stand in a circle. He looks at each one, studying them from head to toe. He says â€Å"My name is Mr. Clark; Saddle Creek Ranch is y family’s home. They lived here many years until they all vanish one night, but you can still hear them, and if they want you to, you can definitely see them†. He goes on to give directions and instructions how to enter the house, and to exit the house. When Paula and Christina turn to see each other, Mr. Clark vanishes. A light turns on and leads the group into the kitchen, you hear can hear the water running but the water is off; Paula grabs Christina’s hands and says â€Å"this house is different†. The sound of people talking suddenly starts and is very loud that makes Scott jump up. The group makes their way to the door but the light to the kitchen turns off and then turns on again and leads them to the dining room. As they enter the room the talking suddenly dies down, and a chair is thrown to the group. As the group separates to avoid being hit, the lights go out and it is so dark that Paula cannot see where Christina is at. BANG. Suddenly the lights turn on and Paula looks for Christina, Erik calls out to Scott but he is nowhere to be found. Paula and Christina start to get worried and scare sets in. Erik starts to whimper, and continues to call for Scott but his call is not answered. Paula and Christina continue to make their way out the dining room and Erik follows. The lights to a hallway turn on and the group passes many rooms, and walk down some stairs. They reach a door it creeks open, Christina turns towards Paula and says, â€Å"Paula let’s not go in, we should turn around and go back†, before Paula can reply, Erik replies â€Å"let’s just continue this could be the end†. Erik pushes the door open, the room is completely dark, and the lights do not turn on like before. Suddenly a rustling and whimpering sound begins Christina is so frightened that she begins to cry. Paula hold Christina’s hand so tight and tries to reassure her that everything will be okay. The sounds get louder and louder and suddenly â€Å"BANG†. Paula and Christina stop walking, the lights turn on, both girls try to search and look around to see where and what room they are in. Paula is the first to notice that they are in the basement but someone is missing, Erik is nowhere to be found. Christina falls to the floor and begins to sob very loud and yells â€Å"Paula, let’s get out, I do not want to be in here anymore! Paula holds back her tears and replies, â€Å"Christina we will be okay, I will get us out, I promise†. Paula begins to look for something that can be a used as weapon, and looks for an exit. Paula finds a hammer, and notices a window. She rushes to it, and then the lights go out again. Seconds pass by but to Paula it seems like an eternity, she calls Christina’s name, â€Å"I am here† replies Christina. The lights turn on again; Paula looks to find Christina, and sees Mr. Clark holding her with a knife to her throat. â€Å"Did you think I was being funny when I said this would be your last hollows eve? Mr. Clark asked Paula. Paula replies â€Å"this trip was meant to be fun I never imagine it would be like this. † Mr. Clark looks at her and gives her an evil smile. Then, he says to Paula, â€Å"Let’s play a game, if you win you and your friend may leave, but if you lose you and your friend must stay forever. † Paula thinks for a long minute and nods her head up and down. He looks at Paula for a moment and says â€Å"Answer me this if you are correct you and your friend may go. Am I alive or is this your imagination? † Paula stares at Mr. Clark and responses â€Å"you are alive†. Mr.  Clark laughs, â€Å"Child, how can I be alive if I died in 1963† replies Mr. Clark. Paula begins to cry along with Christina, and mouths the words â€Å"I am sorry†. The lights turn off again, bang, bang, bang. Paula holds her hands out trying to feel for Christina; the lights turn back on again. Mr. Clark is nowhere to be found. Paula grabs Christina’s hand and yells â€Å"hurry, the window, now! † Paula and Christina, crawl out the window, look to see where the car is parked and ran towards it. The girls quickly get in, crying and scare. Paula turns the car on, put it in gear and head out the ranch. As both Paula and Christina seat in the car crying for a long while Paula breaks the silence and says â€Å"Christina, promise me that this will be our last haunted house†. Christina replies â€Å"definitely, Paula this was our last one†. The girls continue to drive on the dark road, without realizing the road does not end. Then Christina turns to Paula and asks â€Å"Paula, are we getting closer to your house now? † Paula looks at the road and realizes it’s the road to Saddle Creek ranch. Paula realizes what has happened and turns to Christina and says â€Å"Christina, I am sorry but Saddle Creek ranch is our home now. †

Poverty, the Never-ending Disease Essay

Poverty is a lack of goods and services needed to maintain a minimal adequate standard of living. The definition of the term adequate varies, however, with the general standard of living in a society and with public attitudes toward deprivation. No university accepted the definition of basic needs exists because poverty is a relative concept. In poorer countries it means living at the brink of subsistence, while in our country few improvised families confront starvation, although many suffer from undernourishment. Not everyone is born into a life of the rich and glamorous. Those who are fortunate enough know that they are very lucky to be in their position. Others however are totally in different situations. They need to fend for themselves and having meal is something which comes only once a day. Malnutrition is the obvious result of not consuming the right amount of food. This will lead to outbreaks of diseases but in poverty stricken countries there are no hospitals to cure this. Lacking infrastructure means lacking educational rights. People who are living in poverty cannot afford to send their children to school so this will mean an unclear future for their children hence the undernourishment. Furthermore, living in crowded areas, this has a tendency to increase the chances of disease as people are drinking from unsafe sources of water. People around the world are not aware of how immense this issue is and sometimes hesitant to believe the scale that it has risen to. Without understanding the people living at a disadvantage from the rest, there is no cure for the problem. Poverty is not only the problem of the poor, but the rich as well. If the wealthy becomes too concentrated and there are too many people at the low end who can’t contribute to the cost of society (taxes to maintain infrastructure for instance) then more of that burden must fall to the wealthy. The wealthy that derive their wealth by selling goods and services to a mass market will be affected if the market dries up because too many individuals are too poor to be able to buy the goods/services. With hints of the invisible hand playing a role in this, it’s possible that the economy might not adjust to the buyers and sellers. People suffering from poverty may become enraged at the disparity between themselves and the wealthy and may express that rage through a violent revolution and redistribution of wealth. Some wealthy individuals may feel concern about such a disparity and choose to give some of their wealth to better the condition of the poor or to help the poor find a way to prosperity. Poverty in the United States has long been a social, political, and human rights issue. Few people would say that it is not our moral duty, as social human beings to take care of those less fortunate than ourselves, to the best of our ability. These types of people have what is called a â€Å"libertarian†. There is really no specific definition of â€Å"libertarian†, but it is associates justice with liberty. In relation to the matter at hand, specifically poverty in America, libertarians are against taxing the affluent or forcing people to aid the starving and poor. One of the most influential libertarians of our time is Professor Robert Nozik. His theory of justice begins with the principle that all people have rights, which require that we refrain from interfering with others. Other than this we have no obligation to do anything positive for anyone else, and likewise, they have no obligation towards us. These rights are natural or inalienable because all humans have them and they do not come from any social or political institutions. These rights forbid us from interfering with a person’s liberty even if it would promote some general good, or prevent another’s rights from being violated. Overall, the general idea is that people have the liberty to live a life free from intervention of others, and can lead their life however they so choose. In addition, he says that if a person acquired their fortune or possessions without harming, defrauding, or violating the rights of any others, then it is morally permissible to use those things however one wishes. This includes wasting, willing, or endowing the possessions to someone else. Even though many people are dying from starvation and malnutrition, Nozik’s theory of justice states that one has no obligation to help those people. His theory is summarized as follows: 1. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in acquisition is entitled to that holding. 2. A person who acquires a holding in accordance with the principle of justice in transfer, from someone else entitled to the holding, is entitled to the holding. 3. No one is entitled to a holding except by (repeated) applications of 1 and 2. Relating to poverty, libertarians feel that no matter how the actual distribution of economic holdings may look, if all involved are entitled to the holdings they possess, then the distribution is just. Although Nozik’s theory concentrates on the just of distribution, Rawl’s theory of the difference principle can be thought of as the similar concept. The main moral motivation for the Difference Principle is similar to that for strict equality. The overwhelming economic opinion though is that in the foreseeable future the possibility of earning greater income will bring forth greater productive effort. This will increase the total wealth of the economy and, under the Difference Principle, the wealth of the least advantaged (the poor). The inequalities consistent with the Difference Principle are only permitted so long as they do not compromise the fair value of the political liberties. So, for instance, very large wealth differentials may make it virtually impossible for poor people to be elected to political office or to have their political views represented. These inequalities of wealth, even if they increase the material position of the least advantaged group, may need to be reduced in order for the first principle to be implemented. The difference principle may be the solution to poverty in the near future, but sadly the idea of strict equality between individuals will be a difficult concept for people to grasp. Capitalism is a system designed to produce for private profit, not for public need. We have gotten as far as we have due to decision-making of corporate boardrooms and placing them under the democratic control of the majority that the economy can provide for our needs. To do that, we need to bring into public ownership the largest 500 corporations and financial institutions. If the assets of these giant companies were under our democratic control, then investment and resources could be democratically controlled by working-class people. Resources would be available to address our most pressing social problems and allocated to areas of most need. To achieve this means breaking from giving any support to the two big-business political parties – the Republicans and Democrats. They are both fully implicated in creating the present mess we are in. We need to build a new political party to represent our interests as workers, the poor and young people, and which points a finger at the real villains, the super-rich and the capitalist system.

Pope Francis Quotes on Racism, Xenophobia, Immigration

Pope Francis Quotes on Racism, Xenophobia, Immigration Pope Francis has received praise for his forward-thinking views since 2013 when he became the first pontiff from Latin America. While the Catholic Church leader has not backed same-sex marriage or reproductive rights, he’s suggested that gay people and women who’ve had abortions deserve empathy and forgiveness, a departure from previous pontiffs. Given his views on these issues, progressives wondered what the pope might have to say about race relations when he made his first visit to the United States in September 2015. At that time, racial tensions continued to run high in the nation, with police killings and allegations of police brutality routinely making the news and trending on social media networks. Prior to his U.S. visit, Pope Francis had not specifically commented on the Black Lives Matter movement, but he had weighed in on racism, xenophobia, stereotypes, and diversity around the world. Familiarize yourself with the pope’s views on race relations with the following quotes. All Forms of Intolerance Should Be Fought Pope Francis  came down hard on intolerance while speaking to a group from the Simon Wiesenthal Center in Rome in October 2013. He highlighted the center’s goal â€Å"to combat every form of racism, intolerance, and anti-Semitism† and noted that he’d recently reaffirmed the Catholic Church’s condemnation of anti-Semitism. â€Å"Today I wish to emphasize that the problem of intolerance must be confronted in all its forms: wherever any minority is persecuted and marginalized because of its religious convictions or ethnic identity, the well-being of society as a whole is endangered and each one of us must feel affected,† he said. â€Å"With particular sadness I think of the sufferings, the marginalization and the very real persecutions which not a few Christians are undergoing in various countries. Let us combine our efforts in promoting a culture of encounter, respect, understanding, and mutual forgiveness.† Although the pope could have limited his discussion of religious intolerance, he included intolerance based on ethnic identity in his speech as well, an indication that he’s concerned about the treatment of all minority groups. The World Cup as an Instrument of Peace When the FIFA World Cup kicked off in June 2014, many sports fans focused exclusively on whether their favorite teams would advance in the soccer (football) tournament, but Pope Francis offered a different viewpoint on the games. Before the opening match between Brazil and Croatia, Francis said the World Cup could teach the public a great deal about solidarity, teamwork, and honoring opponents. â€Å"To win, we must overcome individualism, selfishness, all forms of racism, intolerance, and manipulation of people,† he said. One cannot be a self-centered player and experience success, he said. â€Å"Let nobody turn their back on society and feel excluded!† he said. â€Å"No to segregation! No to racism!† Francis is reportedly a lifelong fan of the Buenos Aires soccer team San Lorenzo and hoped the World Cup served as a â€Å"festival of solidarity between peoples.† â€Å"Sport is not only a form of entertainment but also - and above all I would say - a tool to communicate values that promote the good that is in humans and help build a more peaceful and fraternal society,† he said. End Racism Against U.S.-Bound Migrants A year before real estate mogul-turned-President Donald Trump branded some undocumented immigrants from Mexico as rapists and drug traffickers, Pope Francis called on the United States to adopt a humanitarian approach to the migrants crossing the border, especially children. â€Å"Many people forced to emigrate suffer, and often die tragically,† the pope stated on July 15, 2014, in a message addressing a global conference in Mexico. â€Å"Many of their rights are violated, they are obliged to separate from their families and, unfortunately, continue to be the subject of racist and xenophobic attitudes.† Francis could have framed the situation on the U.S.-Mexico border as a humanitarian crisis without invoking racism and xenophobia, but he made a point to recognize how attitudes about â€Å"the other† influence immigration policy. The pope has a history of advocating for refugees, remarking on an Italian island in 2013 that the public was indifferent to the dire circumstances in which North African and Middle Eastern migrants find themselves. Stereotypes and the Criminal Justice System On Oct. 23, 2014, Pope Francis addressed a delegation from the International Association of Penal Law. Speaking to the group, Francis discussed the widespread idea that public punishment is the solution to difficult social problems. He expressed his disagreement with this view and questioned the motives of public punishment. â€Å"Scapegoats are not only sought to pay, with their freedom and with their life, for all social ills such as was typical in primitive societies, but over and beyond this, there is at times a tendency to deliberately fabricate enemies: stereotyped figures who represent all the characteristics that society perceives or interprets as threatening,† he said. â€Å"The mechanisms that form these images are the same that allowed the spread of racist ideas in their time.† This is the closest Francis came to addressing the Black Lives Matter movement before his visit to the U.S. in September 2015. Like many activists in the movement, Francis suggests that racial scapegoating factors into why society favors taking freedom away from some groups and placing them behind bars for years rather than remedy the social ills that keep prisons overflowing. Embracing Differences While discussing tensions between Catholics and Muslims in January 2015, Pope Francis once again emphasized the need to accept differences. He told a delegation affiliated with the Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamist Studies that â€Å"patience and humility† are musts in the Islamic-Christian dialogue to avoid fueling â€Å"stereotypes and preconceptions.† â€Å"The most effective antidote to every form of violence is education about discovering and accepting difference as richness and fertileness,† Francis said. As his other remarks on diversity indicate, accepting differences can apply to religious faith, ethnicity, race and much more. The lesson to be learned, according to the pope, is that people don’t divide themselves and lash out against others based on differences.

Passing Down Acquired Traits

Passing Down Acquired Traits An acquired trait is defined as a characteristic or trait that produces a phenotype that is a result of environmental influence. Acquired traits are not coded in the DNA of an individual and therefore most scientists believe they cannot be passed down to offspring during reproduction. In order for a characteristic or trait to be passed down to the next generation, it must be part of the individuals genotype. That is, its in their DNA. Darwin, Lamarck and Acquired Traits Jean-Baptiste Lamarck incorrectly hypothesized that acquired traits could indeed be passed down from parent to offspring and therefore make the offspring more suited to their environment or stronger in some way. ​ Charles Darwin originally adopted this idea in his first publication of his Theory of Evolution through Natural Selection, but later took this out once there was more evidence to show acquired traits were not passed down from generation to generation. Examples of Acquired Traits An example of an acquired trait would be an offspring born to a bodybuilder that had extremely large muscles. Lamarck thought that the offspring would automatically be born with larger muscles like the parent. However, since the larger muscles were an acquired trait through years of training and environmental influences, the large muscles were not passed down to the offspring. Genetic Traits Genetics, the study of genes, explains how traits like eye color and some genetic conditions can be passed on from one generation to the next. Parents pass traits to their young through gene transmission.  Genes, which are located on  chromosomes  and consist of  DNA, contain specific instructions for  protein  synthesis. Some conditions, like hemophilia, are contained in a chromosome and are passed on to offspring. But thats not to say all illnesses will be passed down; for instance, if you develop cavities in your teeth, thats not a condition youd pass down to your kids. New Research on Traits and Evolution Some recent scientific research, however, suggests that Lamarck may not have been entirely wrong. Scientists at the Columbia University Medical Center found that roundworms that developed resistance to a particular virus passed on that immunity to their offspring, and for several generations. Other research has found that mothers may pass on acquired traits as well. During World War II, the Dutch suffered a devastating famine. Women who gave birth during this period had babies who were more susceptible to metabolic disorders such as obesity. Those childrens children were likely to suffer from these conditions as well, research showed. So while the bulk of the evidence suggests that acquired traits like muscles and obesity arent genetic, and cant be passed on to offspring, there are some cases where this principle has been disproven.

MUS 121 Research Paper on The Fulte Instrument

MUS 121 on The Fulte Instrument - Research Paper Example However, the most preferred flute is the Boehm`s flute. His modification was successful, as he changed the flute from wooden to silver. The silver flute produced the best tone, and the thin hard-drawn tubes increased the metal`s capacity for vibration. The development of the flute has changed from one shape and size to another, and these modifications have improved the tune and the sound of the flute. In modern days, the flute has numerous uses ranging from musical shows and concerts, movies, Broadway shows, as well as Jazz players. Keywords: Flute, Development, Boehm Flute, Murrays Flute, Music, Old System Flute, German Flute, Keys, Tone, Sound, Tune Introduction Many forms of wood-wind instruments began to appear in the late fourteenth century. Brass instruments and their brass sounds had earlier been the only forms of music in the church services in Europe. According to the Marshall Cavendish Corporation, â€Å"the only woodwind instrument to leave a mark was the flute, which str ongly influenced the popular music† (2003, p.2713). The flute was preferred for its softer tone compared to the brass instruments. It is the most flexible music instrument among the woodwind instruments. According to Moratz, â€Å"it can execute just about any style of music, from classical to jazz to rock. Other woodwinds like the oboe and bassoon don’t play mush jazz or rock, although they have a lot of classical repertoire† (2010, p.18). History and Development of the Flute Learning how to effectively play a flute is quite easy compared to other woodwind musical instruments. The â€Å"flute†¦.is a musical weed which springs up everywhere† (Toff, 2008, p.3). There is quite a close relationship between the history of the flute and history of flute music. The history of the flute is divided into two phases namely the old system or German flute, and the Boehm flute. The old system flutes existed in the Middle Ages, it â€Å"was constructed of a single piece of wood; cylindrical in shape and just under two feet in length, it sounded a primary scale of D major† (Toff, 2008, p.41). It was commonly known as fife, and was mostly used by infantry marches, together with a small drum. Although instrumental music was distinct during the Renaissance period, the vocal model of various voice types, soprano, alto, tenor, and bass was still followed in the construction of musical instruments. In 1529, a publication by Martin Agricola`s called Musica Instrumentalis Deudsch, â€Å"showed four flutes, called Schweizer Pfeiffen, and labeled Discantus, Altus, Tenor, and Bassus† (Toff, 2008, p.41). A family of transverse flutes, whose musical values were different from the military use of the fife, was discovered by Michael Praetorius. Toff points out that â€Å"each of the three sizes of flutes in Praetorius’s plates has a two octave range and four additional falset notes available only to the most skilled performers† (2 008, p.42). The first flute divided into two pieces in order to regulate the tuning of the ensemble was the bass flute. Two transverse flutes pitching D and G appeared in the 1636 work of Martin Mersenne called Harmonic Universalle. Spaced evenly on the cylindrical tube were six tones or finger holes. â€Å"Although these flutes had no keys, the farsighted Mersenne called attention to their absence and explained that the flute could be made fully chromatic by the addition of keys† (Toff, 2008, p.42). Despite the fact that Mersenne provided a sketch of what the